




























The Tirukkural (Tamil: திருக்குறள், literally Sacred Verses), or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil text consisting of 1,330 couplets or Kurals, dealing with the everyday virtues of an individual.[1][2] It is one of the two oldest works now extant in Tamil literature in their entirety, the other being the Tolkappiyam.[3] Considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, chiefly secular ethics, it is known for its universality and non-denominational nature.[4] It was authored by Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar.
Traditionally praised as “the Universal Veda” and “the Universal Code of Conduct,”[6][7][8] the Kural emphasizes on the vital principles of non-violence, moral vegetarianism or veganism,[a] human brotherhood, absence of desires, path of righteousness and truth, and so forth, besides covering a wide range of subjects such as moral codes of rulers, friendship, agriculture, knowledge and wisdom, sobriety, love, and domestic life.[4] The work is commonly quoted in vegetarian conferences, both in India and abroad.[9] Considered as chef d’oeuvre of both Indian and world literature,[10] the Kural is one of the most important works in the Tamil language and is often called the masterpiece of Tamil Literature, both in its philosophical and literary caliber.[3]